Joseph Lister was born at Upton, in Essex, England, on April 5, 1827. Joseph inherited his love of science from his father.
约瑟夫•李斯特于1827年4月5日生于英国埃西克斯城厄普顿镇。他继承了他父亲热爱科学的志向。
Inherit [ɪn'hɛrɪt] v. 继承;
A good student, young Lister sailed through to an A. B. degree from the University College with flying colors. Then on to the University College Hospital where he settled down to the long grind of becoming a doctor.
年轻的李斯特在大学是一个优等生,因此他能很顺利地获得了文学士学位,以优异成绩毕了业。然后进大学附属医院长期专心致志地刻苦学医。
As a medical student, he witnessed the first operation performed under ether in England. Lister took his medical degree (M. B.) and became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1852. Not a bad beginning for a young doctor of twenty-five!
作为一个医学生,他目睹了英国第一次运用作手术的情况。1852年,他获得了医学学士学位并成为英国皇家外科学会的一名会员。对于一个25岁的年轻医生来说,这是一个良好的开端。
ether ['iθɚ] n.;
To appreciate what Lister did for surgery, let’s see what surgery was like in the middle 19th century. Technically, surgeons such as Liston and Syme were very good. They could perform most abdominal operations, they knew how to do amputations and they operated on compound fractures.
要了解李斯特对外科所做的贡献,我们就须了解19世纪中叶外科的现状。就技术方面而言,像李斯特和赛姆这样的外科医生的水平是很高的。他们能做大多数腹部手术,知道如何做截肢手术,并能做复合性骨折手术。
The trouble was that in many cases the patient died although the operation was a complete success. Nine times out of ten, the patient died although the operation was a complete success. Nine times out of ten, the patient died——not of the operation——but of the infection. It must have been a discouraging and rather horrible experience to make ward rounds on post-operative patients in those days.
ward [wɔrd] n. 病房;
During his research on the process of inflammation, Lister began to suspect that putrefaction was caused by something carried into wounds by the air. You will recall that Pasteur had shown that putrefaction or fermentation was caused by the introduction of bacteria from the air.
当李斯特对炎症过程进行研究时,他开始猜疑腐烂是由于空气中某种东西进入伤口而引起的,。
The news of this discovery of Pasteur’s came like a revelation to Lister. He reasoned that if air bacteria could bring about the fermentation of wine, they would also cause infection if allowed to get into wounds. This immediately raised the problem of how to destroy the germs so that infection could be prevented.
。他推想道既然空气中的细菌能使酒发酵,那么,如果细菌得以进入伤口,也就会引起感染。随之而来的问题便是如何消灭这些细菌,以防止感染。
Lister began to search for an agent which would kill bacteria without harming human tissues. He soon learned that carbolic acid had been used by a Manchester chemist to disinfect sewage.
李斯特开始探求一种既能杀死细菌而又不伤害人体组织的药剂。不久,他就听说曼彻斯特的一位化学家曾用石炭酸消毒污水。
Preliminary trials of carbolic acid convinced Lister that this was the agent he had been looking for. It effectively destroyed bacteria and, if used in diluted enough solutions, it would not harm body tissues. Later it was also found to be a good antiseptic for sterilizing surgical instruments.
对石炭酸所做的初步试验使李斯特确信这便是他所要找的药剂。石炭酸能有效地杀灭细菌,而且如果充分稀释,就不会损害人体组织。后来又发现,石炭酸是对外科器械进行消毒的一种很好的抗菌剂。
Having set the stage by careful experimentation, Lister was now ready to try out his new technique on a human patient. In March 1865, Lister operated on a badly compounded leg fracture, using his antiseptic method for the first time in history.
通过细致的试验做好准备之后,李斯特终于能够在病人身上试用他的新技术了。在1865年3月,李斯特有史以来第一个运用抗菌法对一个腿部有严重复合性骨折的病人施行手术。
He could not have picked a more crucial test because, up to then, such a case would inevitably have gone on to amputation as a result of infection——and possibly to death. This time the operation turned out to be a complete success and the patient did survive. Not only was the patient’s life saved but his limb as well. With this operation came the dawn of modern aseptic surgery, and Joseph Lister has been generally recognized as the founder of antiseptic surgery.
不可能找到比这更危重的病例来作试验了。因为在那以前,这种病例的结局不可避免地会由于感染而导致截肢,甚至可能导致死亡。而这一次手术结果却获得圆满成功,病人竟然活下来了。不但病人没死,而且他的腿也保全下来了。这一手术便迎来了现代无菌手术的开端,而李斯特则被公认为无菌手术的创始人。
In modern hospital practice this principle of antisepsis was modified in favour of asepsis, in which potentially dangerous germs are denied access to susceptible tissues by the sterilization,
在现代医学的医疗实践中,对抗菌法这个原则做了修改,以提高无菌操作的功效,其中为了杜绝有潜在危险的细菌进入易受感染的组织的所有通道,而采取下列措施:
usually by heat, of all instruments and dressings, the wearing of sterile gowns, masks, and rubber gloves, and the sterilization by chemical antiseptics of the skin around the site of operation. Since the introduction of antisepsis the risks and deaths from hospital sepsis have been greatly reduced.
首先,通常通过加热来对所有的器械和敷料进行消毒;其次,穿消毒白罩衣,戴口罩和橡皮手套;最后,用化学抗菌剂对手术部位四周的皮肤进行消毒。自从采用了抗菌法以来,产生外科败血病的危险性及其死亡率就大大减少了。
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《高等医药院校教材—英语》第二册 第13课
文字整理:综合外科 贾宇巍
图文编辑:眼 科 李思齐
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